The post-eruption ecosystem recovery was indicated by the ecosystem transformation from a damaged ecosystem indicated by a lava-dominated surface to one with the presence of vegetation and hardened lava. During this time, the vegetation succession rate, as measured by vegetation cover, increased nearly ten folds. Based on the results, the ecosystem recovery of Semeru post-eruption was achieved within 5 years. The study areas were 2 regions that had been impacted by the Semeru lava flow for the period of 2004–2021. Then this study aims to assess and model how the ecosystem can recover and how the vegetation can respond to the damage caused by Semeru, one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions on Java island. The natural process of ecosystem recovery is related to the succession of vegetation. While the ecosystem actually has an ability to recover. Lava from an eruption will flow to the land via a river stream, destroying everything in its path, including vegetation. After the eruption, there will be vast barren land that was previously fertile ground covered by vegetation and tree line. Volcano eruptions undoubtly cause environmental impacts and damages.
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